fu.,;sl iqidk
ks¾udK ;dlaIKh ( by< l,je,a,d W,am;
iqidk leKSu wdY%fhka
tÉ'tï'tï'fyar;a
BA(sp)kelaniya,
M.Sc (PGIRA), jHdmD;s l<ukdlre" kqjr jHdmD;sh'
Y%S ,dxflah b;sydi wOHhkh lsÍfuys,d
m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h" mQ¾j ft;sydisl iqidk yd ft;sydisl hq.h jYfhka m%Odk
fn§ï ;=kls' m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h yd ft;sydisl hq.h ms<sn| m%udKj;a wOHhk
isÿlr we;s kuq;a" mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h ms<sn| m%udKj;a m¾fhaIK isÿlr we;s
j.la úIo fkdfõ^±rKsh., tia'hQ' 2000&' mQ¾j ft;sydisl hlv hq.h yd
fu.,;sl iqidk l%uh ;=< we;s in|;dj tlsfklska fjka l< fkdyelalls' tfia
fyhska fuys,d fu.,;sl iqidk ks¾udK ;dlaIKh foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug wfmalaIs; h'
fu.,;sl hk
jpkh .%Sl NdIdfõ MEGAS yd LITHOS hk jpk fol tl;=
ùfuka ieÿï ,oaols(Sirinivasan,
K.R.; Banarjee N.R 1953:108). MEGAS hkafkys w¾:h úYd, hkakhs' LITHOS
hkafkys
w¾:h ., hkak h' tksid uQ,sl jYfhka fuu bÈ lsÍï úYd, .,a Ndú;fhka isÿlr we;s nj
y÷kd.; yels h' kuqÿ nrKs iqidk yd ueá Tre iqidk i|yd úYd, .,a Ndú;hla isÿ j
fkdue;s nj o oDIH fõ'
fu.,;sl iqidk
ia:dk 50la muK ,xldj mqrd jd¾;d ù we;s w;r tajd l%u lsysmhlg ks¾udKh fldg we;
Ø Ys,d uxcqid ^Cist
Burial)
Ø nrKs iqidk ^Urn
Burial)
Ø j, iqidk ^Pit
Burial)
Ø fvd,auka ^Dolmen)
Ø ueá Tre ^Clay
Canoe)
Ys,d uxcqid
iqidk (Cist burial)
fuu iqidk j¾.h ,xldfõ nyq, j yuqjk iqidk
j¾.hls' fndfyda úg isõ osYdjg .,a mqjre y;rla ;nd ilia l< fidfydka jYfhka
±l.; yels h' tfuka u oaú;Sh iqidk pdß;%hg wh;a iqidk f,i (Secondary
burial) Ys,d
uxcqid iqidk y÷kd .ekSug yelshdj ,efí' fuys§ ñh.sh mqoa.,hd mq¿iaid NIaudjfYaI
fldgia Ndckhlg oud ta iu. úúO fidfydka øjH o ;ekam;a lr mshka .f,ka o jid we;^chr;ak
ã'fla' 2008&'
Y%S ,xldfjka yuqjk Ys,d uxcqid iqidk
(Cist burial) fndfyduhl iudk ,laIK we;s w;r" we;eï iqidk N+ñj, ;rul fjkialï
iys; iqidk yuq fõ' idudkH ,laIKh jkqfha ÈYd y;rg .,a mqjre y;rla ;nd ta ;=<
iqidk øjH ;ekam;a lr mshka .f,ka jeiSu jqj o Bg fjkia wdldrhl iqidk o mj;S(Somadewa
R 2007). ishU,d.iajej" bínkalgqj jeks ia:dkj, tlg u ilia l< .¾N
lsysmhla iys; iqidk yuqfõ^ ú;dkÉÑ" iS' 2008&^PdhdrEm
wxl 01"02 yd 03&'
;j o bkaÈhdfjka yuqjk Ys,d uxcqid
iqidkj, ,xldfõ Ys,d uxcqid iqidkj,g jvd ixlS¾K;ajhla ±l.; yels h' hf:dala;
l%uhg u ilik ,o fuu iqidk jfÜg .,a fm<la fyda folla w,a,d iqidkh ixfla;j;a
lrk whqre ±l.; yels h(Krishnaswami 1950:43).
j<
iqidk (Pit burial)
j< iqidk l%uh fu.,;sl iqidk w;r we;s
;j;a iqidk j¾.hls' fuu iqidk bka§h ikao¾Nh ;=< kj Ys,d (Neolithic)
yd
;U (Chalcolithic)
hq.j,§
Ndú; lr we;s nj we;eï úoaj;=ka úiska fmkajd § we;(Jain 1979).
Y%S ,xldfõ fuu j¾.hg wh;a iqidk fmdïmßmamq"
.,a w;r" mskajej" rxpduvu jeks ia:dkj,ska yuq ù we;^fikúr;ak ixia 1997;
fidaufoaj
2007&' fmd<fjys
ydrk ,o j<l wdodyk n÷ka ;eîu isÿlr we;s nj mskajej yd rxpduvu leKSï N+ñj,
isÿl< m¾fhaIK ;=<ska wkdjrKh lrf.k we;s w;r" rxpduvu iqidk N+ñfhka
yuq ù we;s j< iqidk fol ms<sfj,ska 160 cm yd 117
cm
úIalïN m%udKhkaf.ka hqla; fõ' tu j<j,a ;=<ska fidfydka øjH ;ekam;a l<
n÷ka yuq ù we;' mskajej fidfydka ìfuka o fï yd iudk l%uhlg ilia l< j<
iqidk yuq j we;^tu& ^PdhdrEm wxl
04 yd 05&'
nrKs
iqidk (Urn Burial)
nrKs iqidk hkq úYd, ueá n÷kla ;=<
ñh.sh mqoa.,hdf.a wiaÓ fldgia yd fidfydka øjH ;ekam;a lrk ,oaols' fï i|yd
fhdod.;a nrKs úYalïNh 40 - 60 cm ;rï úYd, tajd
fõ' Wi m%udK úúOdldr fõ' fuu nrKs iqidk fmdïmßmamqj wdY%fhka ±l.; yelsh^±rKsh.,"
mS'B'mS' 1958&' fmd<j ïÜgfï isg 80- 90
cm
w;r .eUqßka msysá fmd<fjys ilia lrk ,o j<l nrKsh ;ekam;a lr we;s w;r"
we;eï nrKs .,a mshklska o we;eï nrKs ueá mshklska o jid we;(Begly
1981). fï
n÷ka ;=< udkj wiaÓ fldgia úúO Ndck ;=< wiqrd ;ekam;a l< njla olakg
,efí' mskajej isÿl< leKSïj,ska o fmdïmßmamqjg iudk ,laIK iys; nrKs iqidk
lsysmhla y÷kdf.k we;s w;r fuu j¾.fha iqidk
f;alalï" lrïnkaal=,ï" udflúg hk m%foaYj,ska o yuq ù we;(Seneviratne
1997).
ueá
Tre iqidk ^Clay
Canoe)
uE;ld,Sk j fu.,;sl iqidk iïnkaOfhka
isÿl< wOHhk Tiafia fuu iqidk j¾.h y÷kdf.k we;' bka jeäÿr m¾fhaIK l,gqjdj yd
rxpduvu iqidkh wdY%s; j isÿ lr we;' fuu ueá Tre iqidk rejkaje,a," n<xf.dv
yd ud;r nKavdrj;a; jekss m%foaYj,skao yuq ù we;(Deraniya, S.U.
1996; Somadewa, R 2007). rxpduvu iqidk N+ñfha ueá Tre iqidk 6la yuq j we;s
w;r" tu iqidk wdh; p;=ri%ldr yevhlska hqla; fõ^fidaufoaj 2007& ^PdhdrEm wxl 06&'
fvd,auka
^Clay Canoe)
fï i`oyd úYd, .,a m;=re ;=kla Wmfhda.S
lr .kS' fmdf<dj u;=msg ;=ka mfilska .,a mqjre ;=kla o ta u; me;,s .,a m;=rla
o fiú,s lsßfuka fuh ilid .kS' fuu j¾.fha iqidk b;d ÿ¾,N h' l=osrfõ,sfhys yd
moú.ïfmd< fujeks j¾.fha iqidk oelsh yels h^PdhdrEm wxl 07&' fï ;=<
ñksfil=g myiqfjka isgf.k isàfï wjldYh o fõ'
fu.,;sl
wjêfha iqidk ;dlaIKh
m%d:ñl hlv hq.h
;=< ;dlaIKsl jYfhka f,day ;dlaIKh lemS fmfkk f,i j¾Okh ù ;snQ nj fmfka' fuu
;;a;ajhka bka§h m%d:ñl hlv hq.h ;=<ska o l<t,s nei ;snQ njg idOl ;sfnk
w;r Y%s ,xldfõ fï wjêhg iïnkaO Ndú; lr we;s f,day WmlrK" f,day fndr"
msys" B;, ysia" weK wd§ úúO øjHhka y÷kdf.k we;^Begley 1981(77-78;
Dearaniyagala 1972(152; Seneviratne 1984(272&'
úfYaIfhka f,day fuj,ï jkdys wfkl=;a fuj,ï j¾.j,g jvd Yla;su;a" oeä ;shqKq
yd lemSïj,g Tfrd;a;= fok fuj,ï j¾.hls ^Seneviratne 1994(13&'Y%S
,xldfõ f,day Ndú; lsÍu iïnkaO j b;sydi idOl wmg yuq jkqfha wkqrdOmqr
we;=¿mqrfha m%d:ñl hlv hq.hg iïnkaO l%s'mQ' 900-800 f,ig wh;a ckdjdi ia;r
j,sks^Dearaniyagala 1992(709;Seneviratne
1995(134-136&'
;j o m%d:ñl hlv
hq.fha ckdjdi úYd, m%udKhla ia:dk.; ùu i|yd úfYaIfhka iajNdúl mßirh n, md we;s
nj fmfka' tys iajNdúl mßirh" Lksc iïm;a yd iajNdúl bkaOk jHdma;sh Rcq j
merKs hlv l¾udka;hg n,mdkakg we;s j. tla wf;lska Wml,amkh l< yelalls^is;shï
wxl 01&'
iajNdúl iïm;a
w;ßka 60] muK hlv m%;sY;hla we;s fyughsÜ ^Hematite& yd Bg wvq
m%;sY;hka we;s ,sfudkhsÜ hmia fõ^Bandaranayake and
Jayawardana 1979(433-440&' úfYaIfhka u m%d:ñl hlv hq.fha § bkaÈhdfõ § o
fyughsÜ yd ,sfudkhsÜ hk hmia Ndú;h w;sYhska u iq,N j mej;S we;^Seneviratne 1994(15&'
fyughsÜ^Ee2O3& yd
,sfudkhsÜ^Fe2O3n H2O& yd
ue.akghsÜ^Fe3O4& iqidk
ia:dk.; j we;s m%foaYj,ska u;=msáka myiqfjka fidhd .; yel ^ibid&'
fï wkqj hïlsis
;dlaIKhl .=Kd;aul fuka u m%udKd;aul j¾Okh ;lafiare l< hq;= j ;sfnkqfha ta wdY%s; iïm;a mßyrKfha Wmfhda.S;djh o fya;=
mdol fldg .ksñks' tlS ;;a;ajh m%d:ñl hlv hq.h ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ idOl fuka u
iajNdúl iïm;a ia:dk.;ùu hk m%;Hhka oaú;ajh u wrUhd oelsh yelalls'
by< l,je,a,d
W,am; iqidk m%foaYh wdY%s; j o oelsh yels jkqfha óg iduHh ;;a;ajhls' ta wkqj mqrdúoHd
.fõIK u.ska j¾. óg¾ 3500l m%foaYhl jHdma; jQ Ys,d uxcqid iqidk 23 l idOl y`ÿkd f.k
;sfí' iqidk jHdma;sh foi ne,Sfï oS iqidk jeä m%udKhla ia:dk.; j we;af;a N+ñfha
kef.kysr m%foaYh wdY%s; j nj fmkS hhs ^ie,iqï wxl 01&' fuu iqidk i`oyd
fhdod f.k we;s me;s.,a ^Orthostats& iy mshka.,a ^Capstone& wfkl=;a
Ys,d uxcqid iqidkhkays me;s.,a yd mshka.,aj,g jvd .Klï iajNdjhla .kakd w;r u
tajdfha ks¾udKh o m%d:ñl iajrEmhla .kakd nj o fmkS hhs ^chr;ak 2008&'
m%d:ñl hlv hq.hg
wh;a fuu m%foaYh wdY%s; ckhd ;u iqidk ;ekSug fhdod .;a l¿.,a fuu iqidkh
wdikakfhka ,nd .ekSug we;s nj wkqudk l<yels idOl ,eî ;sfí' fuu m%foaYh
wdY%s; j isÿ lrk ,o mqrdúoHd .fõIKj,oS iqidk lafIa;%hg óg¾ 120la muK W;=ßka
msysá l¿.,a jeáhla fidhd f.k we;' fuu l¿.,a jeáfha os. óg¾ 43la muK jk w;r"
m<, óg¾ 10 la muK fõ' iqidk iEoSu i`oyd wjYH l¿.,a m;=re fuu ia:dkfhka bj;a lrf.k we;s njg idOl fuu
l¿.,a jeáh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï oS meyeos,s fõ^PdhdrEm wxl 08&' ^tu& tfuka u fuu .,ajeáfha
iqúfYaIS;ajh jkqfha tla ,laIhhla yryd me¿ï f¾Ldjka olakg ,eîu h' fuu .,ajeáfhys
jQ .,a úfYaIhkag iudk .,a úfYaIhka iqidk b`os lsÍfïoS Ndú; wdldrhla o tla
wf;lska y`ÿkd .; yels h' me;s.,a" mshka.,a i`oyd RcqfldaKdi%dldr"
iup;=ri%ldr f,iska .,a m;=re .,a l=Üá jYfhka lvd fhdod .kakg we;s j. Wml,amkh
l< yels h'
fuu iqidk
ixlS¾Kfha iqidkhka lsysmhla ms<sn`o úuid ne,Su o wk;=re j isÿ l< yels h'
fu.,;sl iqidk wxl 01 ^IKU 01& ys me;s.,a
y;rla jgfldg ta u; .,a mshkla ;nd wdjrKh lsÍu isÿlr we;' fuu iqidkh
iDcqfldaKdi%dldr yevhla .kakd w;r È.sska 108 cm lao m<,ska 114
cm
lao jk fuu mshka .f,ys .klu 13 cm ls' tfuka u fuys ol=Kq me;s.,
os. 90
cm
la o" m<, 12 cm la o" Wi 37
cm
la o fõ' kef.kysr me;s., os. 47 cm la o" m<, 15
cm
la o" Wi 30 cm la o fõ' ngysr me;s., os. 108
cm
la o" m<, 28 cm la o" Wi 40
cm
la o fõ' W;=re me;s., os. 84 cm la o" m<, 10
cm
la o" Wi 40 cm la o fõ^PdhdrEm wxlh 10&' tfuka u
fuu iqidk iaudrlh wdY%fhka me;s.,aj,g wu;r j ;j;a l=vd .,a m;=rla iú lr ;sîu
fya;=fjka th hï wjia:djl bj;a lr wod< fidfydka øjH ;ekam;a lr kej;
thdldrfhka u jid oeuqfõ o@ hk .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajh we;s lrkq ,nhs' tf,i u tfia bj;a
lsÍï lsysm wjia:djl oS u isÿ lr tu iqidk iaudrlh Ndú; lrkakg we;s j. o wfkla
w;ska Wml,amkh l< yels h'
fu.,;sl iqidk wxl 02
(IKU 02)
ys o ys me;s.,a y;rla jgfldg ta u; .,a mshkla ;nd wdjrKh lsÍu isÿlr we;' mshka.,
È.sska 208
cm
lao m<,ska 146 cm lao jk fuu mshka .f,ys nj .klu 40
cm
o fõ' tfuka u fuys kef.kysr me;s., os. 172 cm la o"
m<, 34 cm la o" Wi 35 cm la o fõ' ol=Kq
me;s., os. 122 cm la o" m<, 32 cm la o" Wi
30
cm
la o fõ' ngysr me;s., os. 136 cm la o" m<, 32
cm
la o" Wi 45 cm la o fõ' W;=re me;s., os. 114
cm
la o" m<, 20 cm la o" Wi 35
cm
la o fõ^PdhdrEm wxlh 09&'
flfiaj;=ÿ l%s'mQ' 9 jk ishjfiaoS
muK Y%S ,xldfõ hlv ksIamdokh l< njg iS.sßh w,s., isÿl< leKSfuka f;dr;=re
yuq ù we; ^fida,x. wdrÉÑ 1997&' w,s., yd by, l,je,a,d W,am; hk
mqrdúoHd oaú;ajh u hdkaTh yd u,aj;= Th udOHfha msysgd ;sîu fya;=fjka tlS hlv
;dlaIKfha hï n,mEula fuys,d o isÿ jkakg we;s j. is;sh yel' tfuka u wfkl=;a
iqidk ixlS¾Khkag jvd ;;a mqrdúoHd lafIa;%fha ±lsh yels jkqfha m%d:ñl iajrEmhla
njg u;jdohka bÈßm;a ù we; ^chr;ak 2008&'tfuka u iqidk ks¾udKh ;=< oS .,a
l=Üá tlsfkl fkdfi,ajk mßos mqreoaod we;s nj o meyeos,s fõ'
fiareú, ;U ksêh" wkqrdOmqr we;=¿
kqjr" mskajej .,a fidfydka lk;a; hk m%foaYj,ska f,day l¾udka;h ms<sn|
idOl yuqùu o" n%dyauKhd.u Ys,d ,smshg wkqj “lnlr”
wd§
f,day l¾udka;fha ksr; jQ mqoa.,hka ms<sn|
o i|yka j we; ^mrKú;dk 1970; Senaviratne 1984&' ;;a
hq.fha ;dlaIKh foi ne,Sfï§ úIo jkqfha f,day Ndú;ho iqúfYaIS jQ njls' tfia u
by< l,je,a,d W,am; mqrdúoHd lafIa;%fhka yuq jQ f,day wjfYaI wdY%fhka o tlS
ld,fþofha ;dlaIKh ms<sn| y÷kd.; yels h'
fuu hq.fha jQ Ys,d uxcqid tla tla
m%udKfhka jQ tajd nj wOHhk ;=<ska meyeos,s ù we;s lreKls' kQ;kfha jqj o
mqoa.,hdf.a wd¾Ól iudc ;;a;ajhka wkqj Tyqf.a wjika lghq;= isÿjk w;r" fuu wjêfha
o ñh.sh mqoa.,hdf.a wd¾Ól yd iudc ;;a;ajhka wkqj tu ffY, uxcqidj, úYd,;ajh
fjkia jkakg we;ehs ;j;a wf;lska Wml,amkh l< yels h' tfuka u fuys yuq jQ
iqidk 23 Tiafia meyeos,s jkqfha .ul fyda ckdjdihl isá ish¨ fokdf.a u YÍr fldgia
fuu iqidk N+ñfha ;ekam;a lr fkdue;s njhs' tkhska thdldrhg iqidkj, ;ekam;a lsßug
;rï wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhla fkdjQ wh o jQ j. úI o h'
merKs ckdjdi ms<sn|j flÍ we;s wOHhk
Tiafia mßirfhka ,nd.; yels iïm;a iu. ne÷Kq wdfõKsl ;dlaIKsl l%uhka Tjqka i;= j
mej;s nj fy<s l< yels idOl fuu hq.fha jk j. meyeÈ,s h' tf,i u iudc
ixisoaêhkays m%.ukhg tlS ;dlaIKfha m%Odk;ajh fnfyúka u bjy,a jkakg we;s j. o
lsj yelsh' ;j;a wf;lska n,k l, m%;sHudk jkqfha fu.,;sl iqidk ks¾udK ;dlaIKh
flfrys o fulS hq.fha ;dlaIKh n,mdkakg we;s j. h'
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